Toxoplasmose congênita: evolução da função auditiva e da linguagem emcrianças diagnosticadas e tratadas precocemente / Congenital toxoplasmosis: auditory and language outcomes inearly diagnosed and treated children

A cross-sectional study included all children diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, through the Minas Gerais State Neonatal Screening Program, from September 2006 to March 2007. All children received early treatment, initiated before the age of 2.5 months, and were periodically assisted by a team of specialists including pediatricians, ophthalmologists and speech-language therapists and audiologists. Hearing function was evaluated with the following procedures: tympanometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, behavioral observation audiometry, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Hearing function and sensitivity was estimated and audiological results were classified as normal, conductive hearing loss, sensory-neural hearing loss and central dysfunction. Language performance was assessed and classified as normal or abnormal, according to test results. The following variables were studied: audiological results, neurological and ophthalmological conditions, language performance and presence of risk indicator for hearing loss other than congenital toxoplasmosis. Univariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square or Fisher?s Exact test. Results: From September 2006 to March 2007, 106 children were diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis through the neonatal screening program, and were included in the study. Data analysis showed normal hearing in 60 children (56.6%), while 13 children (12.3%) had conductive hearing loss, four children (3.8%) had sensory-neural hearing loss and 29 children (27.4%) presented central hearing dysfunction. There was association between hearing problems and language deficits. The comparison between children with additional risks for hearing loss other than toxoplasmosis and children who only presented toxoplasmosis as a risk factor showed no differences. This finding suggests that audiological problems were due to congenital toxoplasmosis alone.

Um estudo transversal descritivo incluiu todas as crianças diagnosticadas com toxoplasmose congênita (TC) pelo Prog. Est. de Tria. Neonatal de MG entre set. 2006 e mar. de 2007. Todas as crianças foram submetidas ao protocolo de tratamento com pirimetamina e sulfadiazina iniciado antes dos 2,5 meses de idade e com duração de 12 meses, tendo realizado acompanhamento pediátrico, oftalmológico e fonoaudiológico periódico. Para avaliar a audição foram usados, como instrumentos diagnósticos, medidas de imitância acústica, emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente e produto de distorção, potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico e observação do comportamento auditivo. Foi avaliada a acuidade auditiva e as alterações auditivas foram classificadas em condutivas, neurossensoriais e retrococleares. O desempenho de ling. foi avaliado usando-se um instrumento de aval. do desenvolvimento da ling., e os resultados foram classificados como normais ou alterados. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: resultados audiológicos, condições neurológicas e oftalmológicas, linguagem e presença de fator de risco para perda auditiva além da TC. Foi realizada análise univariada pelo qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: entre set. 2006 e mar. 2007, 106 crianças foram diagnos. com TC pelo programa de triagem neonatal, sendo incluídas no estudo. A análise dos dados mostrou que 60 crianças apresentavam audição normal (56,6%) e 46 crianças apresentavam audição alterada, sendo 13 crianças (12,3%) com alteração condutiva, 4 (3,8%) com perda auditiva neurossensorial e 29 (27,4%) com comprometimento retrococlear. Houve associação entre presença de alteração auditiva e déficit de linguagem. A comparação entre crianças que apresentavam outro fator de risco além da TC e crianças que apresentavam somente a toxoplasmose como fator de risco para alteração auditiva não mostrou diferenças.

Doenças infecciosas e perda auditiva / Infectious diseases and hearing loss

A perda auditiva pode ocorrer por causa genética, congênita ou adquirida. Os agentes infecciosos são os fatores etiológicos mais comuns de perdas auditivas congênitas ou adquiridas. O déficit auditivo pode ser decorrente de dano na orelha externa e média, causando perda auditiva condutiva leve/moderada, ou da orelha interna, causando perda auditiva neurossensorial moderada/profunda. Infecção da orelha interna durante a gestação por toxoplasmose, rubéola, sífilis, citomegalovírus e herpes são as causas mais frequentes de surdez congênita. Em relação ao lactente e pré-escolar, a surdez profunda pode ser uma complicação de meningite. Na infância, as infecções bacterianas da orelha média são responsáveis pela maioria das perdas auditivas leves. Contudo, há interferência no desenvolvimento normal da fala mesmo com perda auditiva leve. Infecções virais que merecem destaque na infância e na fase adulta por estarem associadas a dano na orelha interna com perda auditiva moderada/profunda são aquelas causadas por herpes simples, varicela-zoster, enterovírus, Episten-Barr, influenza, paramixovírus e HIV. Pacientes com perda auditiva devem receber avaliação e acompanhamento audiológico para diagnóstico e tratamento adequados. Na infância, o tratamento precoce de qualquer perda auditiva pode estar associado a desfechos mais abrangentes, como a qualidade da fala adquirida.

Hearing loss can occur due to genetic, congenital or acquired causes. The Infectious agents are the most common etiologic factors of congenital or acquired hearing loss. The hearing loss can result from damage to the external and middle ear, causing mild or moderate conductive hearing loss, or to the inner ear, causing moderate/deep neurosensory hearing loss. Inner ear infection during pregnancy for toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, cytomegalovirus and herpes are the most common causes for congenital deafness. In relation to the infant and preschool children, the profound deafness can be a complication of meningitis. In childhood, bacterial infections of the middle ear are responsible for most of the mild hearing loss. However, there is interference in the regular development of speech even with mild hearing loss. Viral infections in childhood and adulthood that are worth mentioning, as they are associated to the inner ear damage with moderate/deep hearing loss, are those caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, enterovirus, Episten-Barr, influenza, paramyxovirus and HIV. Patients with hearing loss should receive audiologic evaluation and monitoring for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. In childhood early treatment of any hearing loss may be linked to broader outcomes such as quality of acquired speech.

[Otoneurological manifestations associated with antiretroviral therapy]. / Manifestações otoneurológicas associadas à terapia anti-retroviral.

Ototoxicity and antiretroviral therapy seem to be associated. The aim of this study was to evaluate this possible correlation. Evaluations were carried out on 779 medical records from HIV-infected patients who were being regularly followed up, of whom 162 were being treated with antiretroviral therapy and 122 were untreated (controls). The patients undergoing treatment were older (mean: 42 years), had had serological confirmation for longer times (80 months) and had smaller viral loads (P = 0.00). CD4+ was similar between the groups (P = 0.60). In the treated group, three cases (1.8%) of idiopathic hearing loss and two (1.3%) of otosclerosis-related hearing loss were observed, which both started after antiretroviral therapy. No statistical difference relating to idiopathic hearing loss was found between the groups. While descriptive studies consider possible ototoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy, this possible adverse effect was not related to the antiretroviral therapy in this study. Conversely, otosclerosis might have been correlated with antiretroviral therapy. This issue deserves to be studied.

Manifestações otoneurológicas associadas à terapia anti-retroviral / Otoneurological manifestations associated with antiretroviral therapy

Ototoxicidade e terapia anti-retroviral parecem estar associadas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar essa possível correlação. Foram avaliados 779 prontuários médicos de pacientes infectados pelo HIV e regularmente acompanhados, sendo 162 tratados com terapia anti-retroviral e 122 não tratados (controle). Pacientes em tratamento eram mais velhos (média 42 anos), com maior tempo de confirmação sorológica (80 meses) e com menor carga viral (p=0,00). CD4+ foi semelhante entre os grupos (P=0,60). No grupo tratado, três (1,8 por cento) casos de perda auditiva idiopática e dois (1,3 por cento) de perda auditiva relacionada a otosclerose foram observadas e ambas iniciadas após terapia anti-retroviral. Nenhuma diferença estatística relacionada à perda auditiva idiopática foi encontrada entre os grupos. Enquanto estudos descritivos consideram possível ototoxidade associada à terapia anti-retroviral, esse possível efeito adverso não foi relacionado à terapia anti-retroviral neste estudo. Contrariamente, otosclerose poderia estar correlacionada à terapia anti-retroviral. Este assunto merece ser estudado.

Ototoxicity and antiretroviral therapy seem to be associated. The aim of this study was to evaluate this possible correlation. Evaluations were carried out on 779 medical records from HIV-infected patients who were being regularly followed up, of whom 162 were being treated with antiretroviral therapy and 122 were untreated (controls). The patients undergoing treatment were older (mean: 42 years), had had serological confirmation for longer times (80 months) and had smaller viral loads (P = 0.00). CD4+ was similar between the groups (P = 0.60). In the treated group, three cases (1.8 percent) of idiopathic hearing loss and two (1.3 percent) of otosclerosis-related hearing loss were observed, which both started after antiretroviral therapy. No statistical difference relating to idiopathic hearing loss was found between the groups. While descriptive studies consider possible ototoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy, this possible adverse effect was not related to the antiretroviral therapy in this study. Conversely, otosclerosis might have been correlated with antiretroviral therapy. This issue deserves to be studied.

O diagnóstico da perda auditiva na infância / The diagnosis of hearing loss in childhood

Objetivo: descrever a epidemiologia, etiologia e formas de diagnóstico precoce das desordens auditivas na criança, assim como as implicações no desenvolvimento. Fontes pesquisadas: artigos de base de dados Medline do período de 1985 a 2005...

Objective: to describe the hearing disorders epidemiology, etiology and the tools for early diagnosis in children, as well as the implications on child development. Data sources: Medline database was reviewed in the period between 1985 and 2005. Technical books, thesis, publications from the Ministry at Health and documents available on the Internet were also reviewed...